Phylogeny and systematics of the "Pronophila clade," with 2 new genera to resolve the formerly polyphyletic genus Pseudomaniola (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Analysis of a target enrichment molecular dataset confirms the monophyly of the Neotropical montane butterfly group known as the Pronophila Westwood clade, 1 of 2 major lineages of the satyrine subtribe Pronophilina. The Pronophila clade comprises 18-20 recognized genera and some 125 species. Within this group, the genus Pseudomaniola Röber appears as paraphyletic, and is split here into 3 genera, Pseudomaniola sensu novum with 6 species, including 4 previously considered as subspecies of P. phaselis (Hewitson), the monobasic Fahraeusia Pyrcz n. gen. for Catargynnis asuba Thieme, n. comb., and Boyeriana Pyrcz, Espeland & Willmott n. gen., with 9 species. The adults of all 3 genera can be recognized by their wing color patterns, but the strongest synapomorphies are found in the genitalia, especially those of the male, supporting the above systematic de cisions. Notable differences are also found in scale organization and morphology. A divergence time analysis suggests that Fahraeusia diverged from Pseudomaniola + Boyeriana in the mid-Miocene, around 12 Mya, and the subsequent separation of the last 2 genera occurred at the start of the Pliocene at around 5 Mya

Two new species of Manerebia Staudinger from paramo habitat in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera of the Andes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Pronophilina)

FIGURE 3. Habitat of Manerebia bernito and Manerebia levana. A: M. bernito n. sp. female perched on Chusquea tessellata (Poaceae) plant; B: Habitat of M. bernito n. sp., Sabana El Crisol, Boyacá, 3400m.; C: M. levana female perched on C. tessellata: Photo: Pinzón-P, N.; D: Habitat of M. levana, the Monas paramo near to Guasca-Cundinamarca, 3320m.: Photo: Pinzón-P, N.Published as part of Mahecha-J, Oscar, Triviño, Paola, Andrade-C, M. Gonzalo & Pyrcz, Tomasz W., 2021, Two new species of Manerebia Staudinger from paramo habitat in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera of the Andes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Pronophilina), pp. 293-302 in Zootaxa 4970 (2) on page 299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/476177

Anthropic disturbance affecting the patterns of diversity in the Mountain Satyrinae Pronophilina Reuter, 1896 in an upper Andean Forest in Colombia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Bibliogr. s. 722-726, streszcz. w jęz. ang

Alpha-taxonomy and phylogeny of African Junoniini butterflies based on morphological data, with an emphasis on genitalia, and COI barcode (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

FIGURE 14. Female genitalia, in lateral view. A: Precis antilope, Nigeria, Nsukka, prep. genit. 1941; B: Precis cuama, Zambia, prep. genit. 1943; C: Precis octavia, Nigeria, Nsukka, prep. genit. 1886; D: Precis ceryne, Uganda, Mpanga Forest, prep. genit. 1878.Published as part of Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Florczyk, Klaudia, Collins, Steve, Sáfián, Szabolcs, Mahecha-J, Oscar & Lachowska-Cierlik, Dorota, 2021, Alpha-taxonomy and phylogeny of African Junoniini butterflies based on morphological data, with an emphasis on genitalia, and COI barcode (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae), pp. 401-433 in Zootaxa 4991 (3) on page 421, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/504227

Optimization model of a system of crude oil distillation units with heat integration and metamodeling

The process of crude distillation impacts the economy of any refinery in a considerable manner. Therefore, it is necessary to improve it taking good advantage of the available infrastructure, generating products that conform to the specifications without violating the equipment operating constraints or plant restrictions at industrial units. The objective of this paper is to present the development of an optimization model for a Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) system at a ECOPETROL S.A. refinery in Barrancabermeja, involving the typical restrictions (flow according to pipeline capacity, pumps, distillation columns, etc) and a restriction that has not been included in bibliographic reports for this type of models: the heat integration of streams from Atmospheric Distillation Towers (ADTs) and Vacuum Distillation Towers (VDT) with the heat exchanger networks for crude pre-heating. On the other hand, ADTs were modeled with Metamodels in function of column temperatures and pressures, pumparounds flows and return temperatures, stripping steam flows, Jet EBP ASTM D-86 and Diesel EBP ASTM D-86. Pre-heating trains were modeled with mass and energy balances, and design equation of each heat exchanger. The optimization model is NLP, maximizing the system profit. This model was implemented in GAMSide 22,2 using the CONOPT solver and it found new operating points with better economic results than those obtained with the normal operation in the real plants. It predicted optimum operation conditions of 3 ADTs for constant composition crude and calculated the yields and properties of atmospheric products, additional to temperatures and duties of 27 Crude Oil exchangers.A destilação de cru é um processo que impacta consideravelmente a economia de qualquer refinaria e portanto é necessário melhorálo aproveitando a infraestrutura instalada, gerando produtos dentro de especificações, sem violar as diferentes janelas operativas ou restrições de planta que existem nas unidades industriais. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o desenvolvimento de um modelo de otimização de um Sistema de Unidades de Destilação de Cru (UDCs) pertencente à refinaria de Barrancabermeja da ECOPETROL S.A. que envolve as restrições de planta típicas (fluxo por capacidade de tubulações, bombas, torres de destilação, etc.) e uma restrição ainda não contemplada na literatura para modelos deste tipo: a integração energética das correntes das Torres de Destilação Atmosféricas (TDAs) e as Torres de Destilação a Vácuo (TDVs) com a rede de intercambiadores de calor que pré-aquecem o cru. Por outro lado, as TDAs foram modeladas através de Metamodelos em função das temperaturas e pressões das torres, os fluxos e temperaturas de retorno dos pumparounds, os fluxos de vapor de despojo, o PFE da ASTM D-86 para o Jet e o Diesel. Os trens de pré-aquecimento foram modelados com balanços de massa e energia, e a equação de desenho de cada intercambiador. O modelo de otimização é de tipo NLP, maximizando a utilidade do sistema. Este modelo foi implementado em GAMSide 22.2 usando o solver CONOPT e prediz novos pontos de operação ótimos com melhores resultados econômicos que aqueles obtidos com a operação normal nas plantas reais. O modelo calculou as condições de operação ótimas de 3 TDAs para um cru de composição constante e calculou os rendimentos e propriedades dos produtos atmosféricos, adicionalmente às temperaturas e duties de 27 intercambiadores de cru.La destilación de crudo es un proceso que impacta considerablemente la economía de cualquier refinería y por tanto es necesario mejorarlo aprovechando la infraestructura instalada, generando productos dentro de especificaciones, sin violar las diferentes ventanas operativas o restricciones de planta que existen en las unidades industriales. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el desarrollo de un modelo de optimización de un Sistema de Unidades de Destilación de Crudo (UDCs) perteneciente a la refinería de Barrancabermeja de ECOPETROL S.A. que involucra las restricciones de planta típicas (flujo por capacidad de tuberías, bombas, torres de destilación, etc.) y una restricción aún no contemplada en la literatura para modelos de este tipo: la integración energética de las corrientes de las Torres de Destilación Atmosféricas (TDAs) y las Torres de Destilación al Vacío (TDVs) con la red de intercambiadores de calor que precalientan el crudo. Por otro lado, las TDAs fueron modeladas a través de Metamodelos en función de las temperaturas y presiones de las torres, los flujos y temperaturas de retorno de los pumparounds, los flujos de vapor de despojo, el PFE de la ASTM D-86 para el Jet y el Diesel. Los trenes de precalentamiento fueron modelados con balances de masa y energía, y la ecuación de diseño de cada intercambiador. El modelo de optimización es de tipo NLP, maximizando la utilidad del sistema. Este modelo se implementó en GAMSide 22.2 usando el solver CONOPT y predice nuevos puntos de operación óptimos con mejores resultados económicos que aquellos obtenidos con la operación normal en las plantas reales. El modelo calculó las condiciones de operación óptimas de 3 TDAs para un crudo de composición constante y calculó los rendimientos y propiedades de los productos atmosféricos, adicionalmente a las temperaturas y duties de 27 intercambiadores de crudo

Solving the cryptic diversity of the genus Manerebia Staudinger in northern Peru : description of new species and considerations on the biogeographical role of the Huancabamba Deflection (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Pronophilina)

FIGURE 15. The generalized mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) for delimiting species based on a fragment of COI mitochondrial gene.Published as part of Mahecha-J, Oscar, Florczyk, Klaudia, Willmott, Keith, Cerdeña, José, Zubek, Anna, Boyer, Pierre, Farfán, Jackie, Lachowska-Cierlik, Dorota & Pyrcz, Tomasz W., 2021, Solving the cryptic diversity of the genus Manerebia Staudinger in northern Peru description of new species and considerations on the biogeographical role of the Huancabamba Deflection (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Pronophilina), pp. 201-237 in Zootaxa 5072 (3) on page 229, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/574454

Influence of physiological phenology on the seasonal pattern of ecosystem respiration in deciduous forests

Understanding the environmental and biotic drivers of respiration at the ecosystem level is a prerequisite to further improve scenarios of the global carbon cycle. In this study we investigated the relevance of physiological phenology, defined as seasonal changes in plant physiological properties, for explaining the dynamics ecosystem respiration (RECO) in deciduous forests. Previous studies showed that empirical RECO models can be substantially improved when considering the biotic dependency of RECO on some measure of short-term productivity (e.g., daily gross primary production, GPP) in addition to the well-known environmental controls of temperature and water availability. Here, we use a model–data integration approach to investigate the added value of physiological phenology, represented by the first temporal derivative of GPP, or alternatively the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation fAPAR, for modeling RECO at 19 deciduous broadleaved forests in the FLUXNET La Thuile database. The new data-oriented semi–empirical model, developed with an emphasis towards up-scaling to larger areas, leads to an 8% decrease in root mean square error (RMSE) and a 6% increase in the modeling efficiency (EF) of modeled RECO. The reduction of the model–observation bias occurred mainly at monthly time-scale, and in spring and summer, while a smaller reduction was observed at the annual time–scale. In few sites the proposed approach failed to improve the model performance and we identified as potential cause the plant canopy heterogeneity and the use of air temperature as driver instead of soil temperature, the latter identified as the main driver of respiration in few sites. However, in the majority of cases the model-error remained unchanged regardless the driving temperature used. Overall, our results point toward the need of improving current approaches for modeling RECO in deciduous forests by including the phenological cycle of the canopy.JRC.H.7-Climate Risk Managemen

The three major axes of terrestrial ecosystem function

The leaf economics spectrum(1,2) and the global spectrum of plant forms and functions(3) revealed fundamental axes of variation in plant traits, which represent different ecological strategies that are shaped by the evolutionary development of plant species(2). Ecosystem functions depend on environmental conditions and the traits of species that comprise the ecological communities(4). However, the axes of variation of ecosystem functions are largely unknown, which limits our understanding of how ecosystems respond as a whole to anthropogenic drivers, climate and environmental variability(4,5). Here we derive a set of ecosystem functions(6) from a dataset of surface gas exchange measurements across major terrestrial biomes. We find that most of the variability within ecosystem functions (71.8%) is captured by three key axes. The first axis reflects maximum ecosystem productivity and is mostly explained by vegetation structure. The second axis reflects ecosystem water-use strategies and is jointly explained by variation in vegetation height and climate. The third axis, which represents ecosystem carbon-use efficiency, features a gradient related to aridity, and is explained primarily by variation in vegetation structure. We show that two state-of-the-art land surface models reproduce the first and most important axis of ecosystem functions. However, the models tend to simulate more strongly correlated functions than those observed, which limits their ability to accurately predict the full range of responses to environmental changes in carbon, water and energy cycling in terrestrial ecosystems(7,8).Peer reviewe

Leaf-level coordination principles propagate to the ecosystem scale

: Fundamental axes of variation in plant traits result from trade-offs between costs and benefits of resource-use strategies at the leaf scale. However, it is unclear whether similar trade-offs propagate to the ecosystem level. Here, we test whether trait correlation patterns predicted by three well-known leaf- and plant-level coordination theories - the leaf economics spectrum, the global spectrum of plant form and function, and the least-cost hypothesis - are also observed between community mean traits and ecosystem processes. We combined ecosystem functional properties from FLUXNET sites, vegetation properties, and community mean plant traits into three corresponding principal component analyses. We find that the leaf economics spectrum (90 sites), the global spectrum of plant form and function (89 sites), and the least-cost hypothesis (82 sites) all propagate at the ecosystem level. However, we also find evidence of additional scale-emergent properties. Evaluating the coordination of ecosystem functional properties may aid the development of more realistic global dynamic vegetation models with critical empirical data, reducing the uncertainty of climate change projections